Sex testing: gender policing in women's sports

"A careful inquiry to establish her sex beyond a doubt": sex/gender anxieties in track and field

"Because they have muscles, big ones": Cold War gender norms and international sport, 1952-1967

Is the athlete "right" or "wrong"? The IOC's chromosomal construction of womanhood, 1968-1972

"East Germany's mighty sports machine": Steroids, nationalism, and femininity testing

US vs. USSR: Gender testing, doping checks, and Olympic boycotts

"One of the most horrid misuses of a scientific method": The development of a protest

"Gender testing per se is no longer necessary": The IAAF's and the IOC's continued control

Epilogue: The reintroduction of gender verification.