Policing: continuity and change

Introduction 1. Police and the Criminal Justice System Who are the police? Social control The myth of crime fighting The police in context 2. History of the police British heritage The first modern police : London Experience in early America The first modern police departments : New York Beyond New York Policing in the Twentieth Century Improvements in communications technology Early reform efforts The Professionalization Movement : 1900-1930s Emerging issues The Research Era Community-based and problem-oriented policing Problem solving Militarizing the police The four eras of policing 3. Police recruitment, selection, and training Legal issues surrounding recruitment and selection Equal employment opportunity Bona fide occupational qualifications Affirmative Action and quotas Americans with Disabilities Act Recruiting police officers Special recruitment efforts Qualifications for police officers Criminal record/prior drug use Residency requirement Education The selection process The application Written exams Physical agility tests Polygraph testing Character/background investigation Oral interview/board Drug screening Conditional offer of employment Psychological evaluation Medical exam Problems with the selection process Police training Initial training In-service training 4. Police socialization and the police subculture Are the police different? Police socialization The police subculture The nature of the work Authority Morality Danger Adventure/machismo/seduction The persons and problems police encounter on the job Dirty work Suspicion Isolation The police environment Loyalty/solidarity Autonomy/individualism Group work norms The changing face of police in the United States The implications for change The realities of change Does a singular police culture exist? 5. Police organization and administration Police bureaucracy Police operations Patrol Traffic SWAT Investigation Coordinating specialized units Police organizations Policy : an integral aspect of management The chain of command Formal nature of communication Police bureaucracy in action Esprit de corps and the code of secrecy Politics : internal and external influences Administration : an internal influence Leadership : an internal influence Organization change

6. Police deviance : corruption and control

Defining police deviance and corruption

Types of corruption

Corrupt activities

Departmental corruption

Causes of corruption

The nature of police work

The police subculture

The police organization

Community characteristics

Status and pay

Controlling police deviance and corruption

Internal controls

External controls

7. Patrol, discretion, and styles of policing

Discretion

Research on police discretion

Environmental factors

Individual factors

Race

Functions of the police

Crime control

Order maintenance

Service provision

Institutional behavior

Individual styles

Sources of variation in styles of policing

The legal system

Crime statistics

Evaluating police services : a consumer's perspective

8. The hazards of police work

Law enforcement officers killed and assaulted in the line of duty

Law enforcement officers killed feloniously

Law enforcement officers killed accidentally

Officers assaulted in the line of duty

Officers accidentally injured in the line of duty

Police stress

Sources of stress

Emerging sources of stress

Stress among racial/ethnic minority, female, and gay and lesbian officers

Consequences of stress

Family life and divorce

Mental health problems

Physical health problems

Alcohol abuse

Suicide

Solutions

Prevention strategies, programs, and services

Roadblocks to successful prevention and treatment

9. Critical issues in policing

Minorities in policing

Women in police work

The use of force

Determining excessive force

The context of use of force encounters

Deadly force

Addressing the use of force and deadly force

Police pursuits

The frequency and nature of police pursuits

Creating a pursuit policy

10. The future of policing

Responding to demographic and economic changes

Responding to greater demands for accountability

CompStat

Early warning systems

Technology

Crime analysis

Crime mapping

Other technological advances.