Legislating racism: the billion dollar congress and the birth of Jim Crow

The grand old party faces the grand old problem

To empty a running stream : the U.S. Senate considers the Butler Emigration Bill

To drain the infinite oceans : the swan song of the once-great Blair Education Bill

Charting new waters : the race problem and the "Reed rules" in the House of Representatives

The very insanity of democracy : the Federal Elections Bill and the return to reconstruction in the House of Representatives

Judging the insanity : public reactions to the inflammatory "Force Bill" and the tyranny of the majority

The stormy and turbulent sea of democratic freedom : the Senate's epic struggle for control of the nation's racial destiny

Showdown on Capitol Hill : the filibuster, the cloture rule, and the defeat of the Federal Elections Bill

Silver, sectionalism, Sioux Indians, and sinophobia : why many westerners opposed the Federal Elections Bill

The "peculiar situation" of African Americans and ethnic minorities in the United States : how racism became fashionable in the 1890s

Assessing the billion dollar Congress and its effects on American history and race relations.