Instrumentation and metrology in oceanography

Preface

What We Measure and What We Process

1.1. The quantities we want to know

1.1.1. Velocity and density

1.1.2. Pressure and depth

1.1.3. Speed and movement

1.1.4. Time and space

1.2. Linking of essential quantities in oceanography

1.2.1. Temperature

1.2.2. Pressure

1.2.3. Conductivity and salinity

1.2.4. Velocity

1.2.5. Time

1.3. Calculation of density

1.3.1. Density and EOS-80

1.3.2. Laboratory densitometers

1.3.3. Density and absolute salinity

1.4. Bibliography

1.4.1. Quantities that we want to know

1.4.2. Linking of essential quantities in oceanography

Measurement Systems in Practice

2.1. Determining temperature

2.1.1. Principal instruments

2.1.2. Sensor technologies

2.1.3. Thermal transfers

2.1.4. Response time of temperature sensors

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2.1.5. Viscous heating of temperature sensors

2.2. Determining conductivity

2.2.1. Principle instruments used

2.2.2. Sensors' technologies

2.2.3. Response time of conductivity sensors

2.2.4. Aligning the response times of temperature and conductivity sensors and correcting thermal inertia

2.2.5. Biofouling and protection of instruments

2.3. Determining pressure.

2.3.1. Piezoresistive pressure sensors

2.3.2. Piezoelectric pressure sensors

2.3.3. Errors in pressure sensor measurements

2.4. Determining velocity

2.4.1. Principles of measurement

2.4.2. Instruments used at sea

2.5. Determining current

2.5.1. Rotor current meters

2.5.2. Doppler effect current meters

2.5.3. Electromagnetic current meters

2.5.4. Doppler effect profilers

2.5.5. Directional referencing of current measurements

2.5.6. Calibration of Doppler effect current meters

2.6. Determining time or measuring frequency

2.6.1. The connection of clocks

2.6.2. Time bases of instruments

2.7. Determining position and movement

2.7.1. The Argos system

2.7.2. The global positioning system

2.8. Determining the height of water

2.8.1. Tide gauges

2.8.2. Tide gauges with pressure sensors

2.8.3. Keying and uniting of tide gauges

2.9. Determining waves and swell characteristics

2.9.1. Factors relating to the origins and modeling of swell

2.9.2. Instruments used to measure the state of the sea

2.10. Determining the turbidity or sea water's optical properties

2.10.1. Theoretical notions of the optical properties of sea water

2.10.2. Measurement of apparent optical properties.

2.10.3. Transmissiometers and measurements of absorption

2.10.4. Nephelometers and turbidity sensors

2.10.5. Fluorimeters

2.11. Determining various physicochemical properties

2.11.1. Notions of the chemical parameters of sea water

2.11.2. In situ measurement of dissolved oxygen

2.11.3. In situ measurement of dissolved carbon

2.11.4. In situ measurement of some other components

2.12. Bibliography and further reading

2.12.1. Measuring temperature

2.12.2. Measuring conductivity

2.12.3. Measuring pressure

2.12.4. Measuring velocity

2.12.5. Measuring current

2.12.6. Measuring time and frequencies

2.12.7. Measuring distance

2.12.8. Measuring sea level

2.12.9. Measuring state of sea

2.12.10. Measuring turbidity and optical properties of sea water

2.12.11. Measuring chemical parameters

Measurements at Sea.

3.1. Oceanographic vessels

3.1.1. Ways of launching instruments into the water

3.1.2. Ways of positioning and probing

3.1.3. Ways to transmit data

3.1.4. Ways to make oceanographic measurements by boat

3.2. Moorings

3.2.1. Constraints of mooring implementation

3.2.2. Generalities on the implementation of moorings

3.2.3. Deployment and recovery of moorings

3.3. Drifters

3.3.1. History and operating principles

3.3.2. The concept and evolution of the Argo program

3.3.3. Principles for positioning by acoustic sources

3.3.4. Design and ballasting of drifters

3.4. Instrumented buoys and underwater platforms

3.4.1. Instrumented buoys

3.4.2. Underwater platforms

3.5. Bibliography

3.5.1. Oceanographic vessels

3.5.2. Moorings and anchored floats

3.5.3. Drifting floats

3.5.4. Buoys and instrumented platforms

Evolutions and other Measurement Concepts.

4.1. Other processes for measuring salinity and density

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4.1.1. Relationship between density and refractive index

4.1.2. Measurement instruments of the refractive index

4.2. Acoustic tomography of oceans and acoustic measurements

4.2.1. General principles

4.2.2. The instrumentation used

4.3. The unmanned underwater vehicle: a new means for ocean exploration

4.3.1. Energetic autonomy

4.3.2. ROV and AUV displacement and positioning

4.3.3. Autonomy in decision-making and communication

4.3.4. Gliders

4.4. Bibliography

4.4.1. Other processes for measuring salinity and density

4.4.2. Acoustic tomography of oceans and acoustic measurements

4.4.3. The UUV: new means for ocean exploration

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Index.