The crafted frame (Saul Bass, Talk to Her, Knife in the Water, Camouflage)
The opening translated from literature (The Conformist, The Tin Drum, The Unbearable Lightness of Being, All the President's Men, Cabaret)
Narrative within the frame: Mise-en-Scène and the long take (Touch of Evil, The Player, Aguirre: The Wrath of God, The Piano, Bright Star, In Darkness)
Narrative between frames: Montage (Z; Hiroshima, mon amour; Seven Beauties; Schindler's List; Three Colors: Red; The Shipping News; Shine)
Singular point of view (The Graduate, Taxi Driver, Apocalypse Now, Come and See, Lebanon, Good Kill)
The collective protagonist (La Ciudad, 3 Backyards, Little Miss Sunshine, Le Bal, Day for Night, A separation, Where Do We Go Now?)
Misdirection/Visual narration (The Hourglass Sanatorium, Before the Rain, Ajami, Under Fire, The Conversation, Rising Sun, Psycho, The Truman Show)
Voice-over narration/Flashback (Sunset Boulevard, American Beauty, Fight Club, Badlands)
