The third lens: metaphor and the creation of modern cell biology

The early history of cell theory: the cell as empty chamber, building stone, and elementary organism

Biochemical conceptions of the cell: from bag of enzymes to chemical factory

Cell sociology: the cell as social agent

Cell signaling: the cell as electronic computer

Metaphors in science: "perspectives", "tools", and other meta-metaphors

The instrumental success of scientific metaphor: putting the scientific realism issue in perspective.