A smarter charter: finding what works for charter schools and public education

[Part] 1. The dramatic evolution of the charter school idea. The original vision behind charter schools

Reaction to Shanker's charter school idea

The development of a more conservative vision of charter schools

Shanker's reaction to the changing vision of charter schools

Conclusion

[Part] 2. Reduced teacher voice. Teacher unions and student achievement

A hostile atmosphere

Negative consequences of reduced teacher voice

Conclusion

[Part] 3. Increased student segregation. Economic and racial segregation in charter schools

Segregation by design for marginalized groups

"Creaming" and facilitating white flight

The harmful effects of segregation

Conclusion

[Part] 4. The disappointing results in many charter schools. National studies

Studies of individual cities

Studies of individual charter management organizations

Conclusion

[Part] 5. Charter schools that empower teachers. Achieving voice through a union

Alternative structures for teacher voice

Student outcomes

Conclusion

[Part] 6. Charter schools that integrate students. Enrolling a diverse student body

Serving a diverse student body

Student outcomes

Conclusion

[Part] 7. Charter schools that combine teacher voice and student diversity. Modeling democracy: City Neighbors Charter School

Teaching 21st-century skills: High Tech High

Moving forward: Morris Jeff Community School

Conclusion

[Part] 8. Expanding the charter school models. Encouraging teacher voice in charter schools

Encouraging student diversity in charter schools

Building philanthropic support for charter schools with student diversity and teacher voice

Sharing lessons with other schools

The future of teacher voice and student diversity in charter schools

Appendix: profiles of charter schools featured in chapters 5-7.